【外刊中的知识星球】全球化目前的发展
外刊中的知识星球-02全球化（globalization）20世纪80年代以来在世界范围日益凸现的新现象，但大家是否了解过全球化在目前的发展呢？关于全球文化战争，你又了解多少呢？接下来让我们来看看纽约时报是怎么报道的吧。外刊原文节选Globalization Is Over. The Global Culture Wars Have Begun.
This was an optimistic vision of how history would evolve, a vision of progress and convergence. Unfortunately, this vision does not describe the world we live in today. The world is not converging anymore; it’s diverging. The process of globalization has slowed and, in some cases, even kicked into reverse. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlights these trends. While Ukraine’s brave fight against authoritarian aggression is an inspiration in the West, much of the world remains unmoved, even sympathetic to Vladimir Putin.
Sure, globalization as flows of trade will continue. But globalization as the driving logic of world affairs — that seems to be over. Economic rivalries have now merged with political, moral and other rivalries into one global contest for dominance. Globalization has been replaced by something that looks a lot like global culture war.
And I look at the current situation with confidence. Ultimately, people want to stand out and fit in. They want to feel that their lives have dignity, that they are respected for who they are. They also want to feel membership in moral communities. Right now, many people feel disrespected by the West. They are casting their lot with authoritarian leaders who speak to their resentments and their national pride. But those leaders don’t actually recognize them. For those authoritarians — from Trump to Putin— their followers are just instruments in their own search for self-aggrandizement.
But I have faith in the ideas and the moral systems that we have inherited. What we call “the West” is not an ethnic designation or an elitist country club. The heroes of Ukraine are showing that at its best, it is a moral accomplishment, and unlike its rivals, it aspires to extend dignity, human rights and selfdetermination to all. That’s worth reforming and working on and defending and sharing in the decades ahead.
原文精读标题：Globalization Is Over. The Global Culture Wars Have Begun.
推荐译文：全球化已结束，全球文化战争正打响
第一段：This was an optimistic vision of how history would evolve, a vision of progress and convergence. Unfortunately, this vision does not describe the world we live in today. The world is not converging anymore; it’s diverging. The process of globalization has slowed and, in some cases, even kicked into reverse. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlights these trends. While Ukraine’s brave fight against authoritarian aggression is an inspiration in the West, much of the world remains unmoved, even sympathetic to Vladimir Putin.
推荐译文：这是对历史演变的一个乐观的愿景，也是对进步和融合的愿景。遗憾的是，这个愿景没能描述我们现今生活着的世界。世界不再融合；相反，它正在分化。全球化进程已经放慢脚步，有时甚至出现逆转的情况。这些趋势在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰这件事中尤其明显。虽然乌克兰勇敢反击当权的侵略激励了西方，但世界大部分地区仍然冷眼相看，甚至站队普京。
知识点解读：Evolve：vt. & vi. 演变；进化。常用表达：evolve into vt. 发展成，进化成；evolve from v. 由…进化。例如：“Marxist theories evolved from different strands of social analysis.”（马克思主义理论是从社会分析的方方面面发展而来的。）其名词形式为“evolution”，衍生词汇“revolution”，意为“彻底的变革”，如“cultural revolution 文化大革命”。
converge：vi. (线条、运动的物体等)会于一点, 向一点会合；(趋于)相似或相同；反义词为diverge,意为“vi. 分歧；分叉；偏离；离题；vt. 使分叉；使偏离。”词根&单词“verge”意为“n. 边缘；绿地；极限；山墙突瓦；权杖（作为职位标志）；v. 濒临，接近；趋向；处在边缘”，常见的地道表达为“on the verge of 濒临于；接近于”，例如，“She was on the verge of tears.她差点儿哭了出来。”
拓展：常见的表达“边缘”的单词辨析：
edge 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。border 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。margin 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。rim 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。verge 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。brim 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。fringe 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
reverse：vt. & vi. (使)反转；(使)颠倒；(使)翻转，推翻，取消使倒退，逆转；adj. 相反的，颠倒的，反向的；n. 相反，钱币的反面[背面]，失败，挫败。常见的搭配有“in reverse adv. 相反，向相反方向，倒（退），逆（行、转等）”；“reverse side 背面，反面”；“just the reverse 正好相反，恰恰相反（英语地道表达）”。
延申对比词汇：converse：“adj. 相反的，逆向的；颠倒的；vi. 交谈，谈话；认识；n. 相反的事物；逆行，逆向；倒”。例如：“I wanted to appear friendly and approachable but I think I gave the converse impression.我想显得友好、平易近人些,却发觉给人的印象恰恰相反。”
sympathetic：adj. 表示同情的，赞同的, 支持的。例如,“Sympathetic tears bedewed my cheeks.同情的泪水润湿了我的双颊。”
拓展：词汇辨析Apathetic：adj. 无感情的；冷淡的；无兴趣的；无动于衷的（类似于spiritless, uninterested，indifferent）。Empathic：adj. 移情作用的；神入的。例如，Be empathic and nonjudgmental.善解人意、不要热衷于给别人下定义。
第二段：Sure, globalization as flows of trade will continue. But globalization as the driving logic of world affairs— that seems to be over. Economic rivalries have now merged with political, moral and other rivalries into one global contest for dominance. Globalization has been replaced by something that looks a lot like global culture war.
推荐译文：不可否认，作为贸易流动的全球化将继续下去。但全球化作为世界事务的驱动逻辑似乎已经行不通。经济竞赛如今已经与政治、道德和其他竞赛融合为一场争夺全球主导地位的竞赛。全球化早已被所谓的全球文化战争取而代之。
知识点解读：Drive: “drive”常见的意思是“开车”，但是在外刊上，“drive”一般做“驱动、动力”使用，常用于名词形式或者被动语态。例如，“They are driven by a craving for personal glory. 对个人荣誉的渴望驱动着他们。”Affair：n. 事情；事务；私事；（尤指关系不长久的）风流韵事；“affair”一词不可乱用，用于关系上往往是指不正当的关系，例如, “love affair 风流韵事；强烈爱好; have an affair 有外遇；通奸；婚外恋”
拓展：常见表达“事务”的词汇
affair 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。business 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。matter 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。concern 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。thing 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。Rival：n. 竞争对手；vt. 与…竞争, 与…匹敌。表示“竞争”的同义辨析：compete 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。contend 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。contest 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。rival 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。dominance：n. 优势;支配地位;控制力。例如，“Ex-colonial countries began to challenge the cultural dominance of Europe. 摆脫了殖民统治的国家开始挑战欧洲的文化统治。”其形容词形式为“dominant”，adj. 支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的。例如：“The right hand is dominant in most people. 大多数人右手比左手有力。”
拓展：常见表示 “占优势”的词汇辨析：dominant 强调权威。predominant 侧重指影响与新近的优势。sovereign 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
第三段：And I look at the current situation with confidence. Ultimately, people want to stand out and fit in. They want to feel that their lives have dignity, that they are respected for who they are. They also want to feel membership in moral communities. Right now, many people feel disrespected by the West. They are casting their lot with authoritarian leaders who speak to their resentments and their national pride. But those leaders don’t actually recognize them. For those authoritarians — from Trump to Putin— their followers are just instruments in their own search for self-aggrandizement.
推荐译文：我对当前的形势满怀信心。总的来说，人们既想要脱颖而出又希望能融入其中。他们既希望自己活得有尊严，也希望自己能得到尊重。他们还希望成为道德企群体中的一份子。当下有很多人觉得自己没有被西方尊重。他们把自己的命运寄托在那些威权领导人身上，这些权威领导人敢于表达自身的不满和他们的民族自豪感。然而，这些领导人根本不承认他们。对于这些威权主义者——从特朗普到普京——追随者只是他们自我夸耀的工具。
知识点解读：stand out：常用于表达“突出; 显眼, 引人注目，超群, 杰出”的意思。例如，“Red flags stand out brightly, set against the blue sky.红旗在蓝天的映衬下显得分外鲜艳。”
fit in：意为“适应；符合；与...一致”，后接成分时用“fit in with”，例如，“Chris didn't fit in with the rest of them, but was thrilled to be along for the ride.克里斯和其他人并不很合得来，但和大家一起开开心也感到兴奋。”
第四段：But I have faith in the ideas and the moral systems that we have inherited. What we call “the West” is not an ethnic designation or an elitist country club. The heroes of Ukraine are showing that at its best, it is a moral accomplishment, and unlike its rivals, it aspires to extend dignity, human rights and self determination to all. That’s worth reforming and working on and defending and sharing in the decades ahead.
推荐译文：但我对我们传承至今的思想和道德体系满怀信心。我们口中的“西方”不是种族称谓，也不是精英乡村俱乐部。乌克兰的英雄们表示，最好的情况下，它是道德成就与其竞争对手不同的的地方在于，它渴望将尊严、人权和自决权分享给所有人。那是值得在未来的几十年里改革和奋斗，并加以捍卫和分享的。
知识点解读：have faith in：相信，对……信任，跟“have confidence in”表达的意思一致，可进行表达的转换。
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