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人事部二级笔译2009年5月真题（实务） E-C Translation
Compulsory Translation
There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world foodcrisis. Expecting a bumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports.Overnight, global wheat prices fell by 10 percent.
By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from$460 two months ago.
Such is the volatility of today’s markets. We do not know how high food pricesmight go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gonefrom an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices arenot likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any timesoon.
Imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day - the “bottombillion,” the poorest of the world’s poor. Most live in Africa, and many mighttypically spend two-thirds of their income on food.
In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported riceby the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that’s allthey can afford.
Traveling though West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In BurkinaFaso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and bettermanage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, wesaw a women’s cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. Theproject generated income - and food - for villagers in ways that can easily bereplicated.
Elsewhere, I saw yet another women’s group slowly expanding their localagricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World FoodProgram rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needsof their school feeding program.
These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems -precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.
Topic 1
For a decade, metallurgists studying the hulk of the Titanic have argued thatthe storied ocean liner went down quickly after hitting an iceberg because theship's builder used substandard rivets that popped their heads and let tons oficy seawater rush in. More than 1,500 people died.
Now a team of scientists has moved into deeper waters, uncovering evidence inthe builder’s own archives of a deadly mix of great ambition and use oflow-quality iron that doomed the ship, which sank 96 years ago Tuesday.
The scientists found that the ship's builder, Harland and Wolff, in Belfast,struggled for years to obtain adequate supplies of rivets and riveters to buildthe world's three biggest ships at once: the Titanic and two sisters, Olympicand Britannic.
Each required three million rivets, and shortages peaked during Titanic’sconstruction.
"The board was in crisis mode," said Jennifer Hooper McCarty, amember of the team that studied the company’s archive and other evidence."It was constant stress. Every meeting it was, ‘There’s problems with therivets, and we need to hire more people’."
The team collected other clues from 48 Titanic rivets, using modern tests,computer simulations, comparisons to century-old metals and carefuldocumentation of what engineers and shipbuilders of the era considered state ofthe art.
The scientists say the troubles began when the colossal plans forced Harlandand Wolff to reach beyond its usual suppliers of rivet iron and include smallerforges, as disclosed in company and British government papers. Small forgestended to have less skill and experience.
Adding to the threat, the company, in buying iron for Titanic’s rivets, orderedNo. 3 bar, known as "best," not No. 4, known as"best-best," the scientists found. They also discovered thatshipbuilders of the day typically used No. 4 iron for anchors, chains andrivets.
So the liner, whose name was meant to be synonymous with opulence, in at leastone instance relied on cheap materials.
The scientists argue that better rivets would have probably kept the Titanicafloat long enough for rescuers to have arrived before the icy plunge, savinghundreds of lives.
C-E Translation
Compulsory Translation
“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。
质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。
在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。
近几年来，中国政府通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。
Topic 1
1996年，一位摄影师在新疆喀纳斯自然保护区无意间拍到一只白熊。自此以后的十年里，白熊藏身于深山之中，再无音讯。直到2003年，人们才再次在该自然区又发现了白熊的踪迹。
在熊的家族里，只有北极熊是白色的。但是，这个庞然大物是如何离开极地寒带，来到这个寒温带的地方呢？难道它是通过通往北极的水路来到此地？这一猜测遭到动物学家的质疑。首先，北极熊不能在温带的树林中生活。其次，。。。。。。。。。
2006年，一个科学考察队在白熊出没的地区发现了熊冬眠的冬窝儿，还发现了一小团白色的动物毛发。DNA样本鉴定为棕熊的毛发。但是，也有可能，至少那团毛发不属于照片中的白熊。
Topic 2
蓝藻是一种简单的水生植物，它可以在河湖、湿地、树干和温泉自然蔓延生长。当蓝藻细胞达到一定程度时，蓝藻的“密集孽生”会使水体变色、引起泡沫、散发臭气、影响贝类和鱼类的生存，还会使水质大幅度下降。
2007年夏天，富营养物和其他污染导致蓝藻在太湖、巢湖、滇池发生了蓝藻“密集孽生”现象，影响了城市供水及水生产品生长。
“密集孽生”最严重的是太湖东部。太湖是我国第三大淡水湖。这次“密集孽生”导致周边100多万居民供水问题长达10天之久。为了防止污染，当地环保部门关闭了770家化工厂。
2008年夏天，长期的温暖、干燥气候导致蓝藻在部分地区发生。9月，一艘可以快速、有效地清除蓝藻的船在江苏省投入使用。
英译汉必译题完整文章及参考答案 WorldFood Crisis: Through Africa with hope
By Ban Ki-moon
There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis. Expecting abumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports. Overnight, globalwheat prices fell by 10 percent.
By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from$460 two months ago.
Such is the volatility of today's markets. We do not know how high food pricesmight go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gonefrom an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices arenot likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any timesoon.
Consumers are grumbling even in the wealthy nations of Europe and the UnitedStates. But imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day - the"bottom billion," the poorest of the world's poor. Most live inAfrica, and many might typically spend two-thirds of their income on food.
In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported riceby the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that's allthey can afford. It is worth remembering that Liberia's descent into chaosbegan in 1979 with food riots.
In Ivory Coast, political leaders told me how they worry that the crisis couldundermine efforts to build real democracy - at a time, after a decade's effort,when they are so close to success.
In Burkina Faso, President Blaise Compaoré told me how desperately the nationneeds help. Half his people live on $1 a day or less, the vast majority of themsmall farmers. The foreign minister, Djibril Bassolé, spoke especiallyforcefully. The crisis in food, he said, is a greater threat by far thanterrorism. "It makes people doubt their dignity as men," he said. Andhe added: "The issues of hunger and survival and how to live have becomeburning issues for the international community."
It might be tempting to let the markets work their magic. If prices go up, thethinking goes, supply will too. But we live in the real world, not the world ofeconomic theory. In Kenya's Rift Valley, the bread basket of East Africa,farmers are planting only a third of what they did last year. Why, when you wouldthink higher prices would prompt them to plant more? Because they cannot affordfertilizer, which is also skyrocketing in price.
We see the same in Mali, Laos and Ethiopia. This is a prescription fordisaster.
Earlier this week, in Bern, I brought together the chief executives of the UNagencies and leading multilateral aid and development organizations. We agreedon an urgent plan of action.
The first imperative is to feed the hungry. The World Food Program helps 73million people. But to do so it requires an additional $755 million merely tocover its rising costs. Some $475 million of has been pledged. But promisesdon't fill stomachs, and the agency has only $18 million cash in hand.
We can not afford to stay locked in crisis. To ensure food for tomorrow, wemust act today to give small farmers the support they need to better their nextharvest. That is why the Food and Agriculture Organization has called for $1.7billion to support an emergency initiative to provide low income countries withseeds, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs required to boost production.The International Fund for Agricultural Development will make $200 millionavailable to poor farmers in the most affected countries. The World Bank isconsidering the establishment of a global crisis-response facility for thispurpose.
To coordinate this work, I will set up and chair a UN Task Force on the GlobalFood Crisis. I will leave no stone unturned to focus political will at the Julymeeting of the G8 nations in Japan and the high-level FAO conference on foodsecurity in Rome in early June.
We can deal with this crisis. We have the resources. We know what to do. Weshould consider this not only as a problem but as an opportunity.
It is a huge chance to address the root problems of many of the world's poorestpeople, 70 percent of whom live as small farmers. If we help them - if we offeraid and the right mix of sound local and international policies - the solutionwill come.
Traveling though West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In BurkinaFaso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and bettermanage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, wesaw a women's cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. The projectgenerated income - and food - for villagers in ways that can easily bereplicated.
Elsewhere, I saw yet another women's group slowly expanding their localagricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World FoodProgram rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needsof their school feeding program.
These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems -precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.
Visiting a primary school under construction in Ouagadougou, I told thechildren how I grew up: no walls, just bare dirt to sit on. I told them how Iknew hunger as a boy - barely enough to eat, my own grandparents and otherelderly people scavenging for food and infants barely getting enough to grow.
I remember these images, traveling in Africa, and think about that continent'swealth of resources, and the strength and courage of its people, so visible tome in the cities I visited. If my country could emerge from trauma to become aneconomic power, I know that Africa can as well.
The only thing required is that we help. We can begin by taking the hard stepsto deal decisively with the crisis in food.
Ban Ki Moon is secretary general of the United Nations.
一线希望
《国际先驱论坛报》 2008年5月1日
上星期，世界粮食危机出现了一线转机的希望。因预期会获得大丰收，乌克兰放松了出口限制。全球小麦价格一夜间下跌了10％。
然而，曼谷米商每吨大米的报价大约1000美元，而在两个月前，报价是460美元。预计大米价格还会上涨。
这就是目前市场动荡的局面。我们不知道粮食价格将上涨多少，也不知道将下跌多少。但有一点是肯定的：我们已从富足时代进入了匮乏时代。专家们认为，粮食价格近期内不太可能回落到世界已经习以为常的水平。
即使在欧洲富国和美国，消费者也怨声载道。那么，请想像一下每日所得不足一美元的人的境况，这些人是世界穷人中的最贫穷者，是“最下层的十亿人”。他们大都生活在非洲，许多人通常用三分之二的收入购买粮食。
上星期，在利比里亚，我听说人们已不再成袋地买进口大米，而更多地是一杯子一杯子地买，因为他们只买得起一杯子米。不应忘记，利比里亚逐步陷入混乱就是从1979年粮食引发的骚乱开始的。
在科特迪瓦，政治领袖们告诉我说，在经过十年努力后，他们几乎就要取得成功了，但他们担心此刻这一危机可能使建立真正的民主体制的努力前功尽弃。
在布基纳法索，总统告诉我说，布基纳法索急需援助。布基纳法索一半的人每日所得仅有或不足一美元，他们大多数是小农户。外交部长的话尤其深刻。他说，粮食危机造成的威胁远远超过恐怖主义。他说，“粮食危机使人们怀疑他们做人的尊严”。他还说，“饥饿和生存以及如何活下去已经成为国际社会的紧迫问题。”
让市场发挥它的神奇作用的想法很有吸引力。按照这一思路，价格上涨，供应就会增加。但是，我们生活在一个真实的世界里，而不是一个经济理论世界里。在具有东非粮仓之称的肯尼亚裂谷，农民耕种的面积仅为去年的三分之一。在人们认为价格上涨会促使他们增加耕种面积时，为什么会出现这种情况呢？原因是他们买不起价格也在飞涨的化肥。
马里、老挝和埃塞俄比亚的情况也是一样。这种情况正在酝酿着灾难。
本星期初，我在伯尔尼召开了联合国各机构和主要多边援助和发展组织行政首长会议。会上，我们商定了一项紧急行动计划。
第一个任务是向饥民提供粮食。世界粮食计划署在帮助7300万人。但是，要帮助这些人，世界粮食计划署就需要增加75500万美元的资金才能支付它不断增加的费用。各方已经认捐47500万美元。但是，许诺并不能填饱肚子，粮食计划署现在仅有1800万美元的现金。
我们不能在危机中束手无策，举步不前。为了保证明天有粮食，我们今天就必须采取行动，向小农户提供他们需要的支助，以增加他们下一季的收获量。因此，粮食及农业组织呼吁提供17亿美元，支持采取紧急举措，向低收入国家提供种子、化肥和其他必要的农业投入，以增加产量。国际农业发展基金将向受影响最大的国家贫穷农民提供2亿美元。世界银行正在考虑为此设立一个全球应对危机基金。
我将设立并主持一个联合国全球粮食危机工作队来协调这些工作。在7月将在日本举行的8国集团会议上和6月初将在罗马举行的粮农组织粮食保障问题高级别会议上，我将不遗余力，凝聚各方的政治意愿。
我们有能力处理这一危机。我们拥有有关资源，我们知道应该做什么，我们不仅应将这一危机视为问题，而且应将它视为机会。
这是一个解决世界上许多最贫穷人民的根本问题的大好机会，在世界最贫穷人民中，70％是小农户。如果我们帮助他们，如果我们提供援助，恰到好处地采用合理的地方和国际政策，我们就能找到解决办法。
在走访西非期间，我发现非常有理由感到乐观。在布基纳法索，我看到政府在巴西等国帮助下，努力进口耐旱种子，更好地管理稀缺的水源。
在科特迪瓦，我们参观了一个妇女合作社用联合国资金兴办的养鸡场。该项目为村民提供收入和粮食，很容易推广。在其他地方，我看到另一个妇女团体正在联合国帮助下，缓慢地扩大本地的农业生产。不久，她们将用自己的农产品取代粮食计划署的大米，满足学校供餐方案的需要。
这些都是因地制宜解决基层问题的基层办法，正是非洲需要的。
在参观瓦加杜古正在兴建的一所小学时，我向孩子们讲述了我是怎样长大的：四面无墙，只能坐在光秃秃的土地上。我向他们讲述了我小时候是怎样挨饿的：几乎没有东西吃，我的爷爷奶奶和其他老人四处寻找食物，婴儿因缺少食物几乎长不大。
在访问非洲期间，我又回想到这些景象，并想到非洲大陆的丰富资源，想到在我访问的城市中随处可见的非洲人民的毅力和勇气。如果我的祖国能摆脱创伤，成为经济强国，那么，我相信非洲也能做到。
唯一需要的是我们提供帮助。我们可以从排除困难，采取措施果断地处理粮食危机做起。 人事部二级口译（CATTI）2008.11英译汉真题 Mangoes in Africa,as elsewhere, often fall prey to fruit flies, which destroy about 40% of the continent'scrop. In fact, fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America hasbanned their import altogether, to protect its own orchards. African farmers,meanwhile, have few practical means to defend their fruit. Chemical pesticidesare expensive. And even for those who can afford them they are not thateffective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late tospray.
Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flieswith parasitic wasps. But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in20, leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage. Lethal traps baited withfly-attracting pheromones are another option. But they, too, are expensive.Instead, most farmers simply harvest their fruit early, when it is not yetfully ripe. This makes it less vulnerable to the flies, but also less valuable.
Farmers whose trees are teeming with worker ants, however,do not need to bother with any of this. In a survey of several orchards inBenin, Dr van Mele and his colleagues found an average of less than onefruit-fly pupa in each batch of 30 mangoes from trees where worker ants wereabundant, but an average of 77 pupae in batches from trees without worker ants.The worker ants, it turns out, are very thorough about hunting down and eatingfruit flies, as well as a host of other pests.
Worker ants have been used for pest control in Chinaand other Asian countries for centuries. The practice has also been adopted inAustralia. But Dr van Mele argues that it is particularly suited to Africasince worker ants are endemic to the mango-growing regions of the continent,and little training or capital is needed to put them to work. All you need dois locate a suitable nest and run string from it to the trees you wish toprotect. The ants will then quickly find their way to the target. Teaching agroup of farmers in Burkina Faso to use worker ants in this way took just aday, according to Dr van Mele. Those farmers no longer use pesticides tocontrol fruit flies, and so are able to market their mangoes as organic toeager European consumers, vastly increasing their income. The ants, so tospeak, are on the march.
人事部二级笔译（CATTI）2008.5汉译英真题 汉译英： 试题一：必作题（汉译英）（20分） 从19世纪80年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，到庚子之乱乃至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。 1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。 试题二：选作题（泽译英）（20分） 1968年我从北京来到陕西，惟一挂念的是在故乡身患绝症的老母亲。母亲的时日已经不多，身边再无亲人，离别成为我心中最沉重的痛。 惟一能传递母亲信息的就是那枚小小的邮票。母亲当时已经双目失明，信是让别人代写的，内容千篇一律的干枯，邮票却是母亲自己摸索着贴上去的，她贴了一叠信封，随用随取，为的是不给别人添麻烦。 每回接到母亲来信，我都要抚摸贴在信封右上角的邮票，那是母亲亲手贴上去的，它贴得规正却无画面感，很多时候是头朝下的，因为母亲根本看不见，她是凭感觉在贴。 邮票残留着母亲的手印，承载着母亲的挂念，那上面有母亲的气息。凝视中，我常常泪眼模糊…… 来自母亲的邮票一张一张地攒着，它们是母亲的替代。我对邮票的认识源自于此。 汉译英必作题答案 From the OpiumWar and the First Sino-Japanese War after the 1840s, China's War on ForeignInvaders 1900 to the Japanese War of Aggression against China in 1930s, Chinawas subject to the butchering of the then strong powers in the West and Eastand their extremely barbarian economic depredation. This, coupled with feudalcorruption and years of successive civil strife and chaos, led to the loss ofChina's sovereignty and the horrendous suffering of her people, her nationalstrength failing and people barely surviving. The grave disasters and the harshfacts have ingrained deeply into the Chinese nation the value of peace and theimportance of development. Such a historic experience has shaped the psychologyof the Chinese people in our quest for peace and hope for stability,consolidating our belief in following a path to peaceful development. After thefounding of New China in 1949, we have made arduous explorations in the courseof our development, going through both the joys of success and the frustrationsof failure. Starting from 1978, China has embarked on a new journey oftransforming from a planned to a market economy, from cloistered up to openingup, from exclusive self-sustaining to integration into globalization. Byfollowing a path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics in anindependent and self-reliant manner, we have scored glorious achievements thatattracted worldwide attention. Practice has amply demonstrated that it is rightto adhere to a path of peaceful development, as it conforms to both China'sreality and the trend of the times. China will unswervingly march onwardalongside this path.
人事部二级笔译（CATTI）2007英译汉真题 One of the biggest decisionsAndy Blevins has ever made, and one of the few he now regrets, never seemedlike much of a decision at all. It just felt like the natural thing to do.
In the summer of 1995, he was moving boxes of soup cans, paper towels and dogfood across the floor of a supermarket warehouse, one of the biggest buildingshere in southwest Virginia. The heat was brutal. The job had sounded impossiblewhen he arrived fresh off his first year of college, looking to make somesummer money, still a skinny teenager with sandy blond hair and a narrow,freckled face.
But hard work done well was something he understood, even if he was the firstcollege boy in his family. Soon he was making bonuses on top of his $6.75 anhour, more money than either of his parents made. His girlfriend was around,and so were his hometown buddies. Andy acted more outgoing with them, morerelaxed. People in Chilhowie noticed that.
It was just about the perfectsummer. So the thought crossed his mind: maybe it did not have to end. Maybe hewould take a break from college and keep working. He had been getting C's andD's, and college never felt like home, anyway. "I enjoyed working hard,getting the job done, getting a paycheck," Mr. Blevins recalled. "Ijust knew I didn't want to quit." So he quit college instead,and with that, Andy Blevins joined one of the largest and fastest-growinggroups of young adults in America. He became a college dropout, thoughnongraduate may be the more precise term. Many people like him plan toreturn to get their degrees, even if few actually do. Almost one in threeAmericans in their mid-20's now fall into this group, up from one in five inthe late 1960's, when the Census Bureau began keeping such data. Most come frompoor and working-class families. That gap had grown over recentyears. "We need to recognize that the most serious domestic problem in theUnited States today is the widening gap between the children of the rich andthe children of the poor," Lawrence H. Summers, the president of Harvard,said last year when announcing that Harvard would give full scholarships to allits lowest-income students. "And education is the most powerful weapon wehave to address that problem." Andy Blevins says that he tooknows the importance of a degree. Ten years after trading college for thewarehouse, Mr. Blevins, 29, spends his days at the same supermarket company. Hehas worked his way up to produce buyer, earning $35,000 a year with health benefits and a 401(k) plan.He is on a path typical for someone who attended college without getting afour-year degree. Men in their early 40's in this category made an average of $42,000 in 2000. Those with a four-yeardegree made $65,000. Mr. Blevins says he has manyreasons to be happy. He lives with his wife, Karla, and their year-old son,Lucas, in a small blue-and-yellow house in the middle of a stunninglypicturesque Appalachian valley. "Looking back, I wish Ihad gotten that degree," Mr. Blevins said in his soft-spoken lilt."Four years seemed like a thousand years then. But I wish I would havejust put in my four years." Why so many low-incomestudents fall from the college ranks is a question without a simple answer.Many high schools do a poor job of preparing teenagers for college. Tuitionbills scare some students from even applying and leave others with years ofdebt. To Mr. Blevins, like many other students of limited means, every week ofgoing to classes seemed like another week of losing money . "The system makes a falsepromise to students," said John T. Casteen III, the president of theUniversity of Virginia, himself the son of a Virginia shipyard worker.
Andy Blevinsr迄今为止做过的最重大的一个决定，也是他为数不多的几件后悔的事之一，现在看起来根本就不像是个决定，那感觉就像是自然而然发生的。
1995年夏季的某一天，他正在弗吉尼亚西南部的一个超市仓库的地板上移动成箱的汤罐头，纸手帕以及宠物狗的食物等东西，这个仓库是该地区最高大的建筑之一。天气酷热。这项工作对于想在暑假挣点钱的他来说简直是不可能完成的，那时他刚刚大学一年级，只是一个留着金黄色头发，长着一张窄窄的有雀斑的小脸，身形很单薄的十几岁的孩子。
他知道辛苦的工作一般收入都不错，即使他是家里第一个上了大学的男孩子。很快他就挣到了最高的每小时6.75美元的薪水，这比他父母的工资都高。他的女朋友就在身边，他故乡的伙伴也是如此。Andy在他们面前表现得更友好也更放松。Chilhowie的人们也注意到了这一点。
这个夏天过得很不错，所以他脑子里闪过一个念头：也许不必就这样结束。也许他可以把学业暂停下来继续工作。他的成绩不是C就是D，不管怎么说，大学里总是不如家里舒服。
“我很享受辛苦地工作，把事办完，拿到薪水的那种感觉。”Blevins先生这样回忆道。“我当时就是觉得我不想放弃。”
所以他从大学里退学了，加入了美国最大，也是成长最快的年轻人群体，成了一名大学退班生，或者更准确地说是一个没有毕业的学生。
很多人希望他能回到学校继续读完自己的学位，但这些对他没起什么作用。现在美国大约有三分之一的年轻人在他们20几岁的时候加入了这个群体，而60年代末Census Bureau开始记录这个数据的时候这个比例大概是五分之一。
这一裂痕正在越拉越大。“我们需要认识到，当今美国最严重的国内问题就是日益扩大的富裕家庭儿童和贫困家庭儿童的鸿沟问题。”哈佛大学的校长Lawrence H. Summers去年在宣布哈佛将为所有的低收入学生提供全额奖学金时这样说道。“教育是我们解决这一问题最有力的武器。”
Andy Blevins说他也知道学位的重要性。29岁的Blevins先生在离开学校去仓库打工之后的十年里，一直在同一家超市公司工作。他已经晋升到市场开发的岗位上，挣着35,000美元的年薪，并享受医疗保障以及401计划，他走的是一条典型的上了大学但没有念出学位的学生的成长之路。2000年的时候，40出头的这些同学们的平均年薪是42000美元，而那些花了4年时间最终念出学位的人的平均年薪则是65000英镑。
Blevins先生说他有很多理由感到幸福，他和他的太太Karla以及刚满周岁的儿子Lucas住在Appalachian山谷中部的一座蓝黄色房子里。
“现在回想一下，我当初要是读完那个学位就好了。”Blevins先生用他那温柔的噪音说道。“那时候感觉四年就像是一千年那么长一样。但我真希望自己当初能利用好这四年时间。”
为什么那么多低收入家庭的学生从大学中途退学，这个问题并不能简单的回答。很多高中并没有让学生们为大学生活做好准备。结果是学费帐单吓得很多学生压根就不敢申请，而另外一些学生则为此背负数年的债务。对于Blevins先生或者很多其他境况相似的学生们，从某种意义上来说，每多上一星期的课，就意味着少挣一星期的钱。
“教育系统没办法对学生们真正承诺什么。”弗吉尼亚大学的校长JohnT. Casteen III这样说，他自己就是一个弗吉尼亚造船工人的儿子。
人事部二级笔译（CATTI）2006.11英译汉真题 English to Chinese Compulsory Translation This week andnext, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations aregathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy ofglobal Mulhollandism in water - and to chart a new course. They couldhardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquiferon which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: thecity is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can seethe consequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and thebroken water and sewerage pipes. Every region ofthe world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining ofgroundwater for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India andPakistan by 30 meters in the past three decades. As water goes down, the costof pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers. What is drivingthe global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlikeoil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available ina finite quantity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of populationgrowth, the amount available per person is shrinking - especially in some ofthe poorest countries. Challenging asphysical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water godeeper. The 20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea:that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed ordiverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability. Across theworld, water-based ecological systems - rivers, lakes and watersheds - havebeen taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makerswho have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over- exploitation. We need a newmodel of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? Forstarters, we have to stop using water like there’s no tomorrow - and that meansusing it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment. Thebuzz- phrase at the Mexico Water forum is "integrated water resourcemanagement." What it means is that governments need to manage the privatedemand of different users and manage this precious resource in the publicinterest. 二级笔译实务Topic 1 John KennethGalbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at ahospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was 97. Mr. Galbraithwas one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his33 books was "The Affluent Society" （1958）, one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine itsvalues. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compellingphrases - among them "the affluent society," "conventionalwisdom" and "countervailing power" - became part of thelanguage. An imposingpresence, lanky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith wasconsulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though itmay have been ignored as often as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferredtaking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted. Mr. Galbraith,a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless alwayscommanded attention. From the1930"s to the 1990"s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of thenational political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Partyand the thinking of its leaders. He tutoredAdlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, onKeynesian economics. He advised President John F. Kennedy （often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in theirbeloved Boston） and served as his ambassador to India. Though heeventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the war in Vietnam, hehelped conceive of Mr. Johnson’s Great Society program and wrote a majorpresidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuing hisopposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democraticnomination for president. In the courseof his long career, he undertook a number of government assignments, includingthe organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting forPresidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson. He drew on hisexperiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvardeconomics department with "A Tenured Professor," ridiculing, amongothers, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself. At his death,Mr. Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he hadtaught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated economics as anaspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers. 人事部二级笔译（CATTI）2005.11实务真题及答案 英译汉部分 The Gap Between Rich and Poor Widened inU.S. Capital Washington D.C. ranks first among the 40cities with the widest gap between the poor and the rich, according to a recentreport released by the D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute on July 22nd. The top 20percent of households in D.C. have an average yearly income of $186,830, 31times that of the bottom 20 percent, which earns only $6,126 per year. Theincome gap is also big in Atlanta and Miami, but the difference is not as pronounced. The report also indicates that thewidening gap occurred mainly during the 1990s. Over the last decade, theaverage income of the top 20 percent of households has grown 36 percent, whilethe average income of the bottom 20 percent has only risen 3 percent. "I believe the concentration of the middle- to high-incomefamilies in the D.C. area will continue, therefore, the income gap between richand poor will be hard to bridge," David Garrison told the WashingtonObserver. Garrison is a senior researcher with the Brookings Institution,specializing in the study of the social and economic policies in the greaterWashington D.C. area. The report attributed the persistentincome gap in Washington to the area's special job opportunities, which attracthigh-income households. Especially since the federalgovernment is based in Washington D.C., Government agencies and othergovernment related businesses such as lobbying firms and government contractorsconstantly offer high-paying jobs, which contribute to the trend of increasing high-income households in the D.C.area. For example, a single young professional working in a law firm in D.C.can earn as much as $100,000 in his or her first year out of law school. "In addition, high-quality housingavailable in Washington D.C. is one of the main reasons why high-incomefamilies choose to live here, while middle and low-income families, if they canafford it, choose to move out of Washington D.C. to the Virginia and Marylandsuburbs so that their kids can go to better schools," stated Garrison. "As rich families continue to moveinto D.C. and middle and low-income families are moving out, the poorestfamilies are left with nowhere to move, orcannot afford to move. This creates the situation we face now: a huge incomegap between the rich and poor." The Washington D.C. area to whichGarrison refers is the District of Columbia city itself, not including thegreater Washington metro area. "The greater Washington metro area has alarge population of about 5 million, but the low-income households are oftenconcentrated in D.C. proper," Garrison explained. Tony Blalock, the spokesperson for MayorAnthony Williams, said resignedly, "No matter what we seem to do to bring investment into the District, a certainpopulation is not able to access the unique employment opportunities there. Thegap between the rich and poor is the product of complex forces, and won't befixed overnight." Garrison believes that the D.C.government should attract high-income families. By doing so, the District's taxbase can grow, which in turn can help improve D.C.'s infrastructure. "Butin the meantime, the District government should also take into consideration therights of the poor, set up good schools for them, and provide sound socialwelfare. All these measures can alleviate the dire situation caused by incomedisparity. " Garrison, however, is not optimisticabout the possibility of closing the gap between the rich and poor. He isparticularly doubtful that current economic progress will be able to help outthe poor. "Bush's tax-cut plan did bring about this wave of economicrecovery, and the working professionals and rich did benefit from it. It isunfair to say that the plan did not help the poor at all… it just didn'tbenefit them as much as it did the rich, " Garrison said. "Theworking class in America, those who do the simplest work, get paid the least,and dutifully pay their taxes, has not benefited from Bush's tax-cut planmuch." Garrison concludes, "A lot of citiesin America did not enjoy the positive impact of the economic recovery.Washington D.C., on the other hand, has always been sheltered by the federalgovernment. The wide gap between rich and poor in the District, therefore,deserves more in-depth study and exploration." 英译汉参考答案 美国首都贫富不均情况加重 美国首都独立研究机构华盛顿特区财政政策研究院（DC FiscalPolicy Institute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究报告显示，华盛顿特区的贫富差距居全美40个大都会区之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高达$186,830美元，是20%最贫穷家庭年收入（仅$6,126美元）的31倍。虽然亚大兰大和迈阿密两市的贫富差距与华盛顿相当，但其贫富不均的情况却不如华盛顿明显。 报告指出，华盛顿特区贫富差距逐渐加大主要是发生在90年代。在过去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增长了36倍，而20%最贫穷家庭的年收入仅仅增加了3倍。 “我认为中高收入家庭过分集中在特区的情况仍然会持续下去，在未来十年内贫富鸿沟恐怕难以拉近，”布鲁金斯学院（Brookigns Institution）专攻大华盛顿地区经济和社会形势的高级研究员大卫·盖立森（Daivd Garrison）对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道。 这份报告将华盛顿特区的贫富鸿沟归咎于当地特殊的工作机会。而这些工作往往会吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特别是华盛顿也是美国联邦政府的所在地，而联邦政府和与政府相关的行业，如院外游说团体和政府合约承包商等等，不断提供高薪工作，也使得华府的高收入家庭有不断增加的趋势。举例来说，一个单身的年轻专业人士从法学院毕业后，在华府的律师事务所服务第一年的年收入可高达$100,000美元。 “此外，华盛顿特区也提供高品质的住宅（high-quality housing），这也是为什么高薪家庭选择在华府居住的主因之一，”盖立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情况下，为了孩子能够上较好的学校而选择搬离华盛顿特区，移至分布于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的住宅区。” “在高收入家庭不断迁移到特区、中低阶层的家庭移出，而最贫穷的家庭又面临无处，也无力可搬的窘境时，就造成我们现在看到的，贫富悬殊的华盛顿特区，”盖立森对《华盛顿观察》周刊说到。 盖立森此处所指的华盛顿特区指的是约有56万人口的都市（District of Columbia）本身，不包括整个华盛顿大都会区（GreaterWashington Metro Area），“整个华盛顿大都会区人口高达500万人，但低收入户却只往华盛顿特区集中，”他特别解释道。 “不论我们如何努力吸引商家到华盛顿特区投资，华府有一部分的低收入家庭就是无法从中受惠，没有办法得到特区独特的高薪工作机会。” 华盛顿市长办公室发言人托尼·布拉克（TonyBullock）说，“贫富差距的背后许多复杂的原因，是不能在一夕之间就改变的。”他言谈间颇有对特区的贫富悬殊无可奈何之叹。 盖立森则认为，特区政府的确应该吸引高收入家庭到特区居住，因为这样能够带来更多税收，对市政建设有积极作用。“但同时，特区政府也应该重视穷人的权益，设立好的学校、提供健全的社会福利等等，这些市政措施都能有效地改善特区严重的贫富不均状况。” 但盖立森对未来贫富差距是否真能拉近不是十分乐观，他尤其对这波经济复苏是不是能帮助到穷人保持怀疑的态度：“布什的减税方案虽然带动了美国这波经济复苏，有工作的人和富人的确享受到不少好处，但对穷人的帮助虽然不能说是完全没有，也只能说是不如富人的获益高，”盖立森分析道，“美国一般的工薪族（workingclass），也就是那些做初级工作、拿最低工资、老老实实缴税的人，实在没有从布什的减税案得到太大益处。” 盖立森总结说：“美国许多城市并没有享受到美国经济好转所带来的积极价值，但华盛顿特区一直以来受到联邦政府的庇佑，它贫富悬殊的情况仍然如此严重，确实值得深入的研究和检讨。” 实务汉译英和参考答案 ２５年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从１９７８年至２００３年的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１４７３亿美元，去年已达到１４０００多亿美元。２５年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为２０６亿美元，去年已达到８５１２亿美元。２５年前，中国外汇储备为１．６７亿美元，去年已达到４０３３亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。 中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。 我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。 参考译文 Over the past 25 years, China has beenfirmly pressing ahead with the implementation of the reform program and theinitiative of opening up to the outside world. With the establishment of apreliminary socialist market economy, and the nation’s economy attaining anoutward-oriented perspective, the productive forces and the comprehensivenational competence have been on the rising curve constantly. And varioussocial undertakings have been developing in full swing. The living standard ofthe Chinese people as a whole has undergone a historical leap from asubsistence level to the level of moderate prosperity. In the 25 years between 1978 and 2003,the annual growth rate of China's economy was running at an average of 9.4percent, with its GDP jumping from 147.3 billion US dollars to over 1.4trillion US dollars. 25 years ago, China’s foreign trade valueand foreign exchange reserves each stood at 20.6 billion and 167 million in USdollars, but last year they shot up to 851.2 billion US dollars and 403.3billion US dollars respectively. China has now become the sixth largesteconomy and the fourth largest trader in the world. The tremendous changes in China areattributed to the fact that we have adhered to the path of building socialismwith Chinese characteristics and persevered in our reform and openingendeavors, which brought into full play the Chinese people's initiative,enthusiasm and creativeness. Though China has scored impressiveachievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems  verpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highlyuneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country'secological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economicand social development on the other. China's per capita GDP, though reachingthe record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization programand offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphillbattle to fight. We have already set our vision for thefirst 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderatelyprosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit ofwell over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled fromthe figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita levelaveraging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in anambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for thepeople, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thrivingculture and more advanced science and education.
人事部二级笔译真题05-10.doc
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